If you have any questions or need assistance, please contact the Elder Services office nearest you listed under each program. Raylene Hinz-Penner, "Searching for Sacred Ground: The Journey of Chief Lawrence Hart, Mennonite", Telford, PA:Cascadia Publishing House, 2007, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 14:02. Following guidance from the White House, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.bia.gov/service/tribal-leaders-directory. Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations ehamilton@cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov . [7] In 2006 the tribes voted and ratified the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Constitution which replaced the 1975 constitution. Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Oklahoma. To fully understand the Cheyenne culture and history, we must go back to the 17th and 18th centuries where the Cheyenne first interacted with white settlers. Concho, OK 73022. Appointments required. Arapaho tribe in half, a split that still exists today. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes offer many services to tribal members. [8], The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune is the tribe's newspaper. The tribe's legislative branch consists of one legislator from each of the four Arapaho Districts and four. Courtesy of History Colorado H.6130.37. Elder qualifies upon 55th birthday. Marcos Baros's Phone Number and Email Last Update. All Elder Care Programs are located on this page. There are currently no THPOs in 19 states. or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The Dawes Act broke up the Cheyenne-Arapaho land base. About 8,664 Arapaho live in Oklahoma. For your convenience, here are links to other relevant Health Services offered by the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. Mutual Help and New Mutual Help, as well as Acquisitions, and Down Payment Assistance are all part of the Resident Services program. The herd expanded to 530 bison in 2021 when Denver Parks and Recreation donated 13 animals which will improve the herd's genetic diversity. To qualify for Elder Care Program services, an elder must be an enrolled member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes and age 55 or over. This assistance cannot be applied to dentures. The Department of Housing's mission is to provide affordable, safe, and decent housing to income-eligible Native American families. The latter is believed to have joined the Tsitsistas in the early 18th century (1: 12). The Tsitsistas and the Suh' Tai are characterized, and represented by two cultural heroes who received divine articles which shaped the time-honored belief systems of the Southern and Northern families of the Cheyenne Nation. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Housing (CATDOH)s mission is to provide affordable, safe and decent housing while promoting self-sufficiency. At the height of their alliance, their combined hunting territories spanned from Montana to Texas.[2]. Recognizing this fact, on August 10, 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant issued an executive order to set aside lands instead on the North . Inspectors ensure that the homes are maintained for homebuyers. The morning of November 29 th, 1864, the Chiefs Black Kettle, White Antelope, One Eye, Yellow Wolf, Big Man, Bear Man, War Bonnet, Spotted . It recognized and guaranteed their rights to traditional lands in portions of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The Burial Program is housed under the enrollment department. Address. Start typing above to search for a specific office, program, or committee on this page. 992 talking about this. The land includes 529,962 acres along the North Fork of the Canadian River, the Canadian River, and the Washita River, in western Oklahoma. Phone: 405-422-7734. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Housing (CATDOH)'s mission is to provide affordable, safe, and decent housing to income-eligible Native American families, while promoting self-sufficiency through employment, education and economic stability. Reach out to us using the contact form, or give us a call. Additionally, links to all SHPOs can be found at the NCSHPO website. [1] Additionally, links to all SHPOs can be found at the NCSHPO website. This allows the CATDOH to put our tribal members first to provide homes for our families, communities, and future generations.. Links for those SHPOs are located at the bottom of the page. D&B Business Directory HOME / BUSINESS DIRECTORY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY ACTIVITIES / UNITED STATES / OKLAHOMA 's", Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Constitution and By-Laws, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes&oldid=1137044282, Federally recognized tribes in the United States, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles needing additional references from February 2013, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Your submission has been received! Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation were the lands granted the Southern Cheyenne and the Southern Arapaho by the United States under the Medicine Lodge Treaty signed in 1867. This service provides financial assistance for supplies and equipment required with a medically necessary diagnosis for a current valid prescription. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Housing (CATDOH)s mission is to provide affordable, safe, and decent housing to income-eligible Native American families, while promoting self-sufficiency through employment, education and economic stability. Preference is given to enrolled Cheyenne and Arapaho tribal members. hb```a``# @V X$ph8Fx(n 3qr3#JRw(}&^+AvR\Y#wQ~9O;[w&OFf@3 $X;&0e@d&,ELm]894:Z*AB YSK/jh0C_hX0[iF -X, if`L7@jX~C u Oops! The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune (C&ATT) is a bi-monthly news publication for tribal citizens. Email : Mbear@cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov, Address : Mailing: PO Box 145 Concho, OK 73022. CATV's call letters are K35MV-D. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Department of Health's mission is to enhance the health and wellness of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes and Native American communities by providing compassionate, comprehensive, and holistic approaches to healthcare through advocacy, education an awareness. cheyenne & arapaho tribes cheyenne and arapaho tribes cheyenne & arapaho tribal tribune the cheyenne & arapaho tribal tribune the cheyenne and arapaho tribal tribune Need help with rent or mortgage payments? Find services and resources, browse the directory, and reach out tous. [4] The Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 further enhanced tribal development. Box 167Clinton, OK 73601, The Down Payment Assistance (DPA) Program (Available statewide). The Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Culture and Heritage Program teaches hand games, powwow dancing and songs, horse care and riding, buffalo management, and Cheyenne and Arapaho language, and sponsored several running events. %%EOF [1], The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are headquartered in Concho, Oklahoma. See open positions Apply via Email The Elder Home Repair Program is a tribally funded program providing major repairs on homes for our elders. An official website of the [9], In partnership with Southwestern Oklahoma State University, the tribe founded the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College on August 25, 2006. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Department of Education (CADOE) strives to address the educational and cultural needs of tribal members of all ages. Box 38, Concho, Oklahoma, 73022 BIA Region: Southern Plains Agency or Regional Office: Concho Agency Website: www.c-a-tribes.org Phone: (800) 247-4612 Fax: (405) 422-8224 Email: rwassana@c-a-tribes.org Governor: Reggie Wassana Date Elected: 12/31/2021 The Tsitsistas, represented by a man named Sweet Medicine, were bestowed with the care of a bundle of sacred Arrows, kept among the Southern Family. Department of Parks and Recreation Homepage. Something went wrong while submitting the form. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Labor addresses the deplorable rate of poverty, unemployment, and underemployment that exist among the Native People and safeguards the interest of the Tribes, enhances the sovereignty of the Tribes, and exercise stewardship over those resources committed to it. This includes who they serve, what type of products and services they offer and how they deliver programs and projects. Although there are no THPOs located in those states, it is considered ancestral territory for one or more Tribes. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are a united, federally recognized tribe of Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne people in western Oklahoma. Connections to cultural heritage sustain the health and vitality of Native peoples. Read More . Availability may vary based on the program and an elders place of residence. [2][3], The Arapaho, also Algonquian speaking, came from Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, eastern Colorado, and western South Dakota in the 18th century. (retrieved 7 Feb 2009), Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Constitution, Article V, Section 1, Learn how and when to remove this template message. [5] ''CATV channel 47'' is the tribe's low power FCC licensed television station. Cheyenne and Arapaho Governor, Reggie Wassana, executed the resolution at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Headquarters in Concho, Oklahoma where he formally announced the tribe's decision to charter Bacone College as it applies for tribal college status. The U.S. could not enforce the treaty, however, and European-American trespassers overran Indian lands. An unprovoked attack on men, women, and children, the massacre at Sand Creek marked a turning point in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the Federal Government. The Department continues to operate by the guiding principles set out in the Tribes 2017-2021 CEDS Plan. C&ATT garnered 3 First Place Awards on the state level from the Society of Professional Journalists/OK Chapter. Society of Professional Journalists Oklahoma Chapter. hZmO9+B)A=C|X-vV-3vC^ ;)BxvD@QGd+ 5'(Z9HfrCF}K,g@Gq+'8TPkpA*.MA!D8Woa9C1|r!@BW_}K{t!\. The 2-day event is designed to help elders connect and learn. Supervised IIM Accounts Assistance is offered to help tribal members that have been determined unable to handle their own financial affairs. With the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic still felt along with the repercussions of the closing of the Clinton hospital, Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Emergency Medical Services is still doing its best to provide 24/7 emergency medical care to both Indian Health Services beneficiaries as well as the general public. Welcome to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe's public sex offender website. As part of this oversight, the Treasury Department is comprised of the Accounts Payable office, the Financial Office, the Office of Internal Audit, the Payroll office, the Per Capita office, and the Tax Commission. The prophet Sweet Medicine organized the structure of Cheyenne society, including the Council of Forty-four peace chiefs and the warrior societies led by prominent warriors. "The Cheyenne Way of Peace: Sweet Medicine". In order to qualify for Elder Care Program services, the elder must be an enrolled member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes and at least 55 years old. 456 0 obj <>stream Links to Health Services specifically for elders can be found on this page. State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs) typically maintain contact lists for Tribes with ancestral territory in their state, including those without a THPO. catribaltribunenews@cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov. Email. The Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal that Changed Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever | Colorado.com The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Transportation addresses the critical needs for access to transportation, providing a safe mode of transportation and improving the mobility of Tribal members, with limited access to transportation, across the Tribes' service area. Director. Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 700 Black Kettle Blvd, Concho, OK 73022 (405) 422-7714 Visit Website Southern Plains Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe 98 South Willow Street, Eagle Butte, SD 57625 (605) 964-7554 Visit Website Great Plains Chippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation The Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation is the home of the Southern Arapaho, or more formally, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Oklahoma. They adopted horse culture and became successful nomadic hunters. Important news and updates, straight from the desk of Governor Wassana. The two tribes spoke similar languages but each had their own unique culture. (LockA locked padlock) The Cheyennes and Arapahos are two distinct tribes with distinct histories. U.S. Department of the Interior. Empowering Tribal preservation leaders to protect culturally important places that perpetuate Native identity, resilience, and cultural endurance. %PDF-1.5 % Scroll down to see them and search for one, or use the sidebar (desktop and tablet) to the right or the Directory at the bottom of your screen (mobile devices). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes GZ Directory Map - NATHPO Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Back to Search Southern Plains Name : Max Bear Email : Mbear@cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov Phone : (405) 422-7714 Address : Mailing: PO Box 145 Concho, OK 73022 700 Black Kettle Blvd , Concho , OK , 73022 PO Box 145 , Concho , OK , 73022 (405) 422-7714 (405) 422-7715 A lock While preference is given to enrolled Cheyenne and Arapaho tribal members, and tribal member homeownership continues to grow, CATDOH is committed to making owning a home a reality for all of our families. 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. [4], The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance in the 18th and 19th centuries. The dental assistance service provides financial help of up to $200, twice a year, for routine dental visits. These services are available for elders living inside the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes' tribal boundaries. Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes is part of the Tribal Nations industry, and located in Oklahoma, United States. Of 12,185 enrolled tribal members, 8,664 live within the state of Oklahoma. The first recorded contact with the Cheyenne was documented by French settlers at Fort Crevecoeur, near present-day Peoria, Illinois. C&ATT staff strives to bring stories of interest to tribal citizens and the communities, highlighting accomplishments, feature stories, elders, and events, as well as tackling the hard news stories in an unbiased, factual manner. Offering help paying for prescription medications, the prescription assistance service provides up to $200, four times a year, for current, valid prescriptions. The tribe was also eligible to claim more than 17,400 associated funerary objects.. Institutions continue to hold the remains of at least 4,200 Native . The Language and Culture Programs protect and instruct for the preservation of our tribal traditional customs, arts, language, and more. Thank you! Our elders provide direction and wisdom for the Cheyenne and Arapaho people. 2/27/2023 9:49 AM. 405-276-6046 (phone) Program Contacts. My Contact Information. Program will use to assist our enrolled Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribal Elders participating in recreational, exercise or sports leagues and activities. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune (C&ATT) is a bi-monthly news publication for tribal citizens. A federally recognized Indian tribe with headquarters in Oklahoma. Oops! Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Concho, OK. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. The initial application must include a copy of your CDIB. The Elder Services Program serves to share knowledge, resources, and updates for Cheyenne and Arapaho elders. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Housing (CATDOH)s mission is to provide affordable, safe and decent housing while promoting self-sufficiency. Your submission has been received! Currently, the C&ATT has 5,380 tribal citizens subscribing to the newspaper. Federally recognized Southern Plains tribe in Oklahoma, Moore, John H. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. CADOE was built on the premise of developing and incorporating educational curriculum that integrate Cheyenne and Arapaho culture ways with academics. C&ATT staff strives to bring stories of interest to tribal citizens and the communities, highlighting accomplishments, feature stories, elders, and events, as well as tackling the hard news stories in an unbiased, factual manner. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Social Services administers the General Assistance Program, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), the Food Vouchers Program, and the Individual Indian Money (IIM) Supervised Accounts Program. They became prosperous traders, until the expansion of American settlers onto their lands after the Civil War. The Independent Living Center is an apartment complex set up to accommodate elders age 55 and up. White House Council on Native American Affairs. The monthly food check service provides a monthly $150 check for food expenses. Henrietta Mann, "Cheyenne-Arapaho Education 18711982", Niwot CO: University Press of Colorado, 1997. Our ancestors sacrificed, prayed and fought for our existence today. Grinnell notes the Cheyenne language is a unique branch of the Algonquian language family and, The Nation itself, is descended from two related tribes, the Tsitsistas and the Suh' Tai. Institutions reported making the remains of more than 1,300 Native Americans available for return to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.. Henrietta Mann, enrolled tribal member, was president in 2009. 401 0 obj <> endobj The Cheyenne and Arapaho Economic Development program transitioned to The Department of Business in 2018 upon the recommendation of the Executive Office and action by the Legislature and Tribal Council. Can't be applied to cost of eye exam. Other Tribal Problems. History Colorado is telling the history of that betrayal from the perspectives of Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal representatives, drawn from oral histories that have been passed down for generations. Though federally recognized as one tribe, the Cheyenne and Arapaho were once distinct nations that called lands far from Oklahoma home. Welcome to the brand new Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes website. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The following is a list of guidelines that the R.E.Sp.E.C.T. [13] Bison is the correct taxonomic term for Bison bison, but buffalo is the common vernacular term. "Constitution | Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes", "Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Agree to Charter Bacone College as a Tribal College", "Denver Returns 14 Bison To Tribal Land In Reparations, Conservation Effort", "iola Hatch of Canton, Oklahoma, 1930 2019, Obituary", "Henrietta Mann Blazes a Trail for N.A. 100 Red Moon Circle / PO Box 167. The Department of Enrollment processes enrollment applications for tribal membership, issues Tribal Identification Cards and Paper CDIBs, along with a variety of other tasks related to the enrollment of tribal members. Availability may vary based on the program and an elder's place of residence. The Southern Arapaho joined the Cheyenne, where they together became victims of the most egregious massacre in American history, the Sand Creek massacre of 1864 (in which one Colonel Chivington deliberately attacked a reservation of peaceable Cheyenne and Arapaho An elder qualifies upon his or her 55th birthday. The medical assistance service provides financial aid for current medical needs such as lab work, urgent care visits or small procedures. This program offers financial assistance of up to $200, twice a year, for doctors office and hospital visits. Looking for U.S. government information and services? To learn more about the Directory contact the BIA Division of Human Services at (202) 513-7622. Links for those SHPOs are located at the bottom of the page. [10] The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College Board of Regents voted to dissolve the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College at the end of the 2015 spring semester. And as our way of life as Tsistsistas and Hinono'ei (Cheyenne and Arapaho) continues to evolve, we strive to provide resources that improve the quality of life of our tribal citizens. m . 2100 Dog Patch Road P.O. The goal of the annual Elders Conference is to share knowledge, resources, and updates for elders. Discover your perfect career match with the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. Overview; Company; Org Chart; News & Media; Similar Profiles; . For cultural and food sovereignty purposes, a buffalo herd has been established. Links to Family and Community Services specifically for elders can be found on this page. 214 665-2200 DALLAS - (June 17, 2021) Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are among the 151 recipients of 154 grant awards totaling $66.5 million in Brownfields funding through its Multipurpose, Assessment, and Cleanup (MAC) Grants. To submit an update for the ICWA designated agents' electronic interactive directory, please contact the BIA Regional Social Worker in your area. The Per Capita Office was established as part of the gaming revenue allocation plan for the distribution of money and more to tribal members. Telephone Directory For The Northern Arapaho Tribal Offices is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. The Cheyenne (Tsitsistas/ The People) were once agrarian, or agricultural, people located near the Great Lakes in present-day Minnesota. After the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act passed in 1936, the Cheyenne and Arapaho organized a single tribal government in 1937. In 1800, the tribe began coalescing into northern and southern groups. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Google Maps. DALLAS (Feb. 8, 2022) - Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Concho, Oklahoma, are among 19 organizations chosen to receive a total of $3,797,102 in grants for job training programs across the country. "The Sand Creek Massacre" by Robert Lindneaux portrays his concept of the assault on the peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho village by the U.S. Army. Welcome to the official Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes website! The C&ATT staff also distributes 2,100 print copies to locations in Oklahoma City, El Reno, Concho, Weatherford, Clinton, Geary, Watonga, Canton, Binger, Gracemont and Anadarko. Every day, the values, history, and way of life they teach us to serve as our guide into the future. Something went wrong while submitting the form. National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers, Tribes in the Federal Preservation Program, http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/hpd/hpgreeting.htm, http://www.iowahistory.org/historic-preservation/, http://www.ohiohistory.org/resource/histpres/, http://www.tennessee.gov/environment/section/thc-tennessee-historical-commission, https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation. The Elder Services Program serves to share knowledge, resources, and updates for Cheyenne and Arapaho elders. Marcos Baros is a Diabetes Prevention Coordinator at Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes based in Concho, Oklahoma. Arkansas: http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/ Delaware: http://history.delaware.gov/ Georgia: http://www.gashpo.org/ Hawaii: http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/hpd/hpgreeting.htm Illinois: https://www2.illinois.gov/dnrhistoric Indiana: http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/ Iowa: http://www.iowahistory.org/historic-preservation/ Kentucky: http://heritage.ky.gov/ Maryland: https://mht.maryland.gov/ Mississippi: http://mdah.ms.gov/, Missouri: http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/ New Hampshire: http://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/ New Jersey: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/hpo/ Ohio: http://www.ohiohistory.org/resource/histpres/ Pennsylvania: http://www.phmc.pa.gov/Preservation Tennessee: http://www.tennessee.gov/environment/section/thc-tennessee-historical-commission Vermont: https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation Virginia: http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/ West Virginia: http://www.wvculture.org/. The C&ATT is free to all tribal citizens and may be mailed directly to tribal citizens homes, one copy per household. Find a specific department or program in this directory. Know the Law. Preference is given to Cheyenne and Arapaho tribal member. Something went wrong while submitting the form. The HOPE program is designed to provide low-income tribal members with extra assistance during genuine crisis situations, and more. There were repeated conflicts between settlers and members of the tribes. Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes Location PO Box 38, Concho, Oklahoma, 73022, United States Description Read More Industry Membership Organizations Organizations Discover more about Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes Start typing above to search for a specific office, program, or committee on this page. Table of Contents Department of Administration Department of Business Department of Enrollment Department of Education Department of Health Department of Housing Official websites use .gov For your convenience, here are links to other relevant Family and Community Services offered by the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. The purpose of this website is to provide information to the public about registered sex offenders residing, visiting, working or going to school within the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal jurisdiction pursuant to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Sex Offender Registration Code:4L-RS-2012-06-005 and pursuant to Public Law 109-248 . The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are headquartered in Concho, Oklahoma. Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Concho, OK. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. Inspection Services inspects all the homes in the Department of Housing inventory annually. Seventeen American Bison were presented to the Cheyenne and . endstream endobj startxref Although there are no THPOs located in those states, it is considered ancestral territory for one or more Tribes. Since 1996, the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act (NAHASDA) has given tribes more responsibility and flexibility to administer their housing services. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Housing (CATDOH)s mission is to provide affordable, safe, and decent housing to income-eligible Native American families, while promoting self-sufficiency through employment, education and economic stability. It promised the Arapaho a reservation in Kansas, but they disliked the location. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. This is an official page of the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma and all information published on this page. The tribes never lived on the land described in the treaty and did not want to. Directory | Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Quick Links Main Menu Tribal Services Contact Directory Department Directory Find a specific department or program in this directory. In addition, an annual application must be completed and submitted to the Elder Care Program. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Department of Enrollment processes enrollment applications for tribal membership, issues Tribal Identification Cards and Paper CDIBs, along with a variety of other tasks related to the enrollment of tribal members.