Int. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Moustakas (1994) suggested that the number of participants in a phenomenological study can be from 1 to 20, depending on the time frame (see, Halldrsdttir, 2000; Morse, 2000; Starks and Trinidad, 2007; Jones and Lavallee, 2009). You cannot go home again: a phenomenological investigation of returning to the sojourn country after studying abroad. Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. 17, 13721380. doi: 10.1080/20797222.2006.11433930. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. J. Contemp. doi: 10.1177/160940690300200303, LeVasseur, J. J. Knowledge is what research usually attempts to provide, therefore, it is what should concern a researcher. Rev. state that power results in overconfidence, an inflated sense of being able to personally affect and/or manage outcomes through personal action or ability. 535-544). The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Let us help you find yours! Bucharest, Hungary: Zeta Books. In spite of multiple tangible evidences of an unwise decision, counsel from advisors, the obliteration of crops and structures, and the physical and emotional sufferings of his people, Pharaoh remained in a state of continued escalation of commitment. To implement and explicate this approach in the practice of the research, we can take suggestion of Moustakas (1994) about organising the phenomenological methods around three categories: (1) methods of preparation, (2) methods of collecting data and gaining descriptions about the phenomenon, and (3) methods of analysing and searching for the meaning. Ashworth, P., & Greasley (2009). Bracketing refers to the efforts that should be made to be open to listening to and observing the described phenomenon with fresh eyes. Phenomenological research methods Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 1994. doi:10.4135/9781412995658. For example, the term can appear in Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger, wherein it has been used to refer to very different concepts (Scott, 1988; Von Eckartsberg, 1989; Husserl and Hardy, 1999; Heidegger and Dahlstrom, 2005; Christofi and Thompson, 2007). Integrity in qualitative research: preparing ourselves, preparing our students. Methods in Educational Research: From Theory to Practice. This illusory control perpetuates repetition of belief in self, belief in accuracy of self-knowledge, and continuation of the decision-making logic. If an individual were to get on the elevator and face the opposite way, the noema (social phenomenon) would be disrupted, because it goes against the noetic framework established by convention. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived Philosophical Hermeneutics. General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests. Several of the researchers own modifications of the phenomenological research method were applied. This specific process of reduction was meant to present the experience as a phenomenon, then attempt to locate the pervasive existential qualities within the meaningful experience. Intent on arresting believers, God essentially arrested him first (Acts 9:1-4). Using a popular term like analysis may be inconsistent with how the data are treated because the term analysis usually implies a process of breaking things into parts. Wiersbe, W. W. (1989). Journal of The American Academy of Religion, 80(4), 1025-1048. Blaikie, N. W. H. (2000). The interpretive attitude is the second strategy to be used to approach the data. Wertz, F. J. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. (2011), the most basic requisite for symbolic interaction is the existence of social selves who come together to share information, emotions, and goodsthe full range of human activities. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Res. Qual. This is a type of nonprobability sample. Husserl, E. (1931). Exploring perceived life skills development and participation in sport. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. If the nature of the study is emergent, like in most qualitative research (e.g., Creswell, 2009; Hays and Singh, 2011), the research purpose and questions are emergent too; they grew initially from personal experience and then emerge through the process of conceptualising a research topic around experience being investigated, for example, the experience of cross-cultural transition lived by individuals who move from their own cultural and educational context to a different one. Burkitt, I. Im okay, youre okay? This new ruler was fearful that the multitudes of the Israelites would turn against the Egyptians and side with their enemies and decreed that heavy oppression must be used to subdue the Israelites (Ex 1:9-14). Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. So When I come back to Saudi Arabia, I will be more confident.. Although the light is to provide clarity in order to see things authentically, the process of seeing requires epoche. Phenomenological research methods. This is often accomplished by applying expert knowledge of the population to select in a nonrandom manner a sample of elements that represents a cross-section of the population. Saul is identified first as the one in front of whom Stephens murderers laid their robes to be guarded (Acts 7:58; 22:20). Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. Urrieta, L. (2007). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. In addition, ontological assumptions should be identified clearly before one practice phenomenological research. doi: 10.1163/156916297X00103, Giorgi, A. Vol. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Qual. WebIn distinguishing my own phenomenological design and methodology from that of other qualitative models that guide human science research, of the various qualitative inquiries I will briefly outline five that stand out for me: Ethnography, Grounded Research Theory, Hermeneutics, Duquesne Universitys Phenomenology, and Heuristics. Spiegelberg, H., and Schuhmann, K. (1982). Res. The horizon of time and ontological difference, in Hermeneutical Phenomenology: Lectures and Essays. After having confirmed the privacy and confidentiality statements that are provided by the third-party transcribers are confirmed, verbally and by email, interviews are sent to the transcribers, and records should be deleted after the completion of the transcription process. Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. It was a period of time Pharaoh could have used to reevaluate the state of the land and people that had resulted from his decision and continued commitment to that decision. Dialogue on a research issue: phenomenological research in nursingresponse. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Blanchard (2013) distills a succinct meaning of noema, defining it as a social phenomenon. This is what Finlay (2006, 2008) calls dancing between two approaches, and it is also the approach that we endorse. 37, 164172. Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., & Butz, D. A. Another aspect to be noted is that in the context of cross-cultural transitioning, cultural identity reflects how individuals think and feel about belonging to their culture and to the larger society from which they come from; it is in the essence of their experiences, the sense of belonging to, or attachment with, either or both cultural groupings. (ed.) Psychol. Integrated disaster management experience of people with disabilities: A phenomenological research on the experience of people with orthopedic disabilities in Turkey. Guba, E. G. (1990). In the scenes of the first and second plagues (water becomes blood; frogs), Pharaoh justified his disbelief, disobedience, and decision, since his magicians and sorcerers replicated the plague (Ex 7:22,23; 8:7, 15). doi: 10.1007/s11245-016-9444-6, Zahavi, D. (2020). This section describes how the data and reports on the activity conducted can be treated to generate findings from the interviews. Ashworth and Greasley describe a scenario of a dyslexic student who struggles with learning (noesis) and who dislikes and avoids interacting with the textbooks, declaring that learning is too difficult and laborious (noema). As Moses and Aaron approached Pharaoh with Gods command to free His people, Pharaohs embrace of power, control, and defiance surfaces in his first response: Who is the Lord, that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? Paperback. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 1, 2554. Dancing between embodied empathy and phenomenological reflection. We provided an overview of the methodology that we endorse as hybrid since it embeds both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological attitudes. Administrators and Non-Institutional Users: Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Humanist. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Learn More about Embedding icon link (opens in new window). In our previous studies, we were interested in describing the cross-cultural experience lived by Saudi students transitioning from their home country to another. This aspect allows the researcher to engage with the texture of the participants personal experience, to reflect on it, and to decide on possible meanings in relation to the whole context. He had the opportunity to set aside his noetic and noematic schemato experience an epoche in order to see things as they really were; however, he did not. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. doi: 10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.2.031. These approaches overlap in the research methods and activities and are used to assist the research by promoting engagement with responsive and improvised activities rather than with mechanical procedures. The magicians could not replicate the third plague (lice), and told Pharaoh it was the finger of God, but Pharaoh would not relent (Ex 8:18, 19). Phenomenological Reduction and Emergent Design: Complementary Methods for Leadership Narrative Interpretation and Metanarrative Development (1931) and translated into a qualitative method by Moustakas (1994), holds promise as a viable procedure for phenomenological research. These meanings should be considered a central part of the social reality that a study should report upon. In this article, we have presented a hybrid phenomenological method embedded in qualitative analysis that we suggest should be deployed in educational research. Following the transcription process, the second step consists in developing a general sense for each participants description. Pharaoh, however, only offered a compromised decision that the Israelite men could go. Once the textural and structural descriptions are ready, we have reached the evaluation step. The impact of cultural values on escalation of commitment. Histories of the present: social science research in context, in Research in Practice: Applied Methods for the Social Sciences. Many scholars in phenomenology hold the view that human beings extract meaning from the world through personal experience (Husserl, 1931; Hycner, 1985; Koopmans, 2015; Hourigan and Edgar, 2020; Gasparyan, 2021). Available online 24 February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this? (2005). To enhance your experience on our site, SAGE stores cookies on your computer. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. (2011). WebIn this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9433-z, Hffding, S., Martiny, K., and Roepstorff, A. WebWhat is phenomenological reduction in qualitative research? The discussion within this article is relevant to those researchers interested in doing cross-cultural qualitative research and in adapting phenomenological investigations to understand students cross-cultural lived experiences in different social educational contexts. Ritchie, J., and Lewis, J. 9 offers from $35.28. The fifth plague brought disease that killed all of the Egyptians livestock, but Pharaoh did not repent (Ex 9:1-7). Hughes, J. The Philosophy of Social Research. Blanche, M. T., and Durrheim, K. (1999). Moustakas (1994) example was describing his own reaction to a situation in which he received medical advice (noema) for a health condition as critical disbelief and distrust (noematic meaning). Taunton UK. This book will add up to the comprehension of the study of qualitative research method. The practice of phenomenology: the case of max van Manen. The texture is the qualitative feature of the experience (Moustakas, 1994; Creswell, 2007). Sch. Moustakas noted that epoche is a conscious process of identification and subsequent quarantine of naturally occurring thought patterns. 2. Langdridge, D. (2008). This escalation of commitment to the previous decision eventually led to additional tragic losses. After constructing textural descriptions for each participant, it is time to deploy the imaginative variation mode again to search for essential structures that could encompass the entire textural description of the participant: a possible theme that could be the essential structure of the experience of this participantessential in the sense that the experience could not be described without this theme, or themes. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. The concept of analysis involves breaking things into parts, while phenomenology is about potting parts of any experience (phenomenon) together to get a sense of the whole, to get into phenomenological reduction. We are looking for the essence. This requires getting a sense of the whole rather than of the part. Alhazmi, A. New York : Fleming H. Revell, [n.d.]. The unfolding meaning of intentionality and horizon in phenomenology. doi: 10.1177/089431848900200106. Blum (2012), however, advocates for its use and positioned it as that which can offer an interpretation of religion or of religious experience and consciousness (p. 1029) and that which seeks to disclose the meaning encapsulated and expressed in the religious discourse, text, or experience under analysis (p. 1030). These terms when understood create more value and richness in the study of human experience, yet perhaps are shunned due to a lack of opportunity to apply them in a familiar context. It is essential to the phenomenological attitude to pay full attention to both the spoken and written forms of the data. View or download all content my institution has access to. Moustakas describes the phenomenologists research attitude in the following way: presumably this person has set aside biases and has come to a place of It should be mentioned, however, that in the phenomenological practise, shifting from a descriptive to an interpretive attitude is interpretive so far (Klein and Westcott, 1994, p. 141). The second is the potential impact that transitioning experience has upon the identity of those individuals who lived the experience. 21, 3351. The sixth plague brought boils to all of the Egyptian people, but Pharaoh did not repent (Ex 9:8-12). Hays, D. G., and Singh, A. WebMy Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. A form of phenomenological reduction (Moustakas, 1994), clustering these significant statements and meaning units (Moerer-Urdahl & Creswell, 2004; Moustakas, 1994) together in a variety of ways produced themes of common experience (Moustakas, 1994). www.sagepub.com. This mode also allows one to engage phenomenologically with the reduction process concerning the participants descriptions of their lived experiences. An additional layer of the framework provides integration with theories of decision-making and organizational outcomes. Studies in Higher Education, 34(5), 561-576. (1989). Topoi 38, 251260. Stud. 13:785134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134. Psychol. doi: 10.46743/2160-3715/2007.1636. Qual. 15, 539564. Another reason to use a purposive sampling method is that in qualitative, particularly in phenomenological inquiry, the aim is not to generalise findings to a population but to develop insights and in-depth exploration of an under-researched phenomenon (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2007). J. Couns. This is evidenced by his embrace of the knowledge that although he thought he was working for God, he was actually persecuting Him (9:5; 22:7; 26:15), and acceptance of the calling on his life to witness before Gentiles, kings, and the children of Israel (9:15). 22:82. Crotty (1996) argued that American phenomenology cannot be phenomenology as it does not adopt the epistemological After transcribing the interviews, and once a general sense of the whole description of the phenomenon has been gained, it is possible to formally engage with the data treatment in order to extract the invariant meaning units and themes that constitute the experience encountered by the participants. doi: 10.1177/1049732318817547, Zahavi, D. (2019b). by W. R. B. Gibson]. Accordingly, the phenomenon of cross-cultural transition between two cultures can be seen as an (object) for the deed of the investigator who is seen as (subject). Van Manen, M. (1990). This occurs primarily when concerned with loss of legitimate power and/or position by someone with coercive power (Ivancevich et al., 2011; Maner, Gailliot, & Butz, 2007). Transl. Q. Because this activity is the final activity in terms of the data treatment, the main research question of the study must be addressed directly. Experiential psychology: a descriptive protocol and a reflection. Perhaps most succinct and relevant is Padgetts (2008) definition of phenomenology: explor[ing] the lived experience of a phenomenon (p. 35). The texture is the thickness of an experience (Todres, 2007, p. 47); it is a description of what the experience is like. Psychol. *Correspondence: Ahmed Ali Alhazmi, ahalhazmi@jazanu.edu.sa; ahmed.alhazmi1@gmail.com, View all Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Phenomenology within the realm of religion is a highly debated topic. A rated for campus safety by Niche, 2022. Dickson-Swift, V., James, E. L., Kippen, S., and Liamputtong, P. (2006). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Answer a handful of multiple-choice questions to see which statistical method is best for your data. Clammer, J., Poirier, S., and Schwimmer, E. doi: 10.1177/1049732304263638, Mallozzi, C. A. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. A purposive sampling method can be used to select the participants. Identifying the relationship between subject and object is essential to developing a coherent and sound research design. Human Science Perspectives and Models Transcendental Phenomenology Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation, and Synthesis In: Phenomenological research methods By: Clark Moustakas Pub. Health Res. London: Routledge. Blum, J. N. (2012). In our previous work, the preferred language during the interviews was Arabic, spoken both by the researcher and the participants. Such uncertainty is due to the multidimensional aspects that constitute and form an individuals experiences, including ongoing and mediated behaviour (Karpov and Haywood, 1998), feelings, and cognition. The epistemological question is the real dilemma, and this concerns who is invested in the study of human consciousness. 24, 353361. Regent awarded $22 million in institutional scholarships and aid, 2020-21. Rep. 12, 238255. As Giorgi (1985), Van Manen (1990), Moustakas (1994), and other phenomenologists have stated, aspects that are core to the interviews are the following: (1) general attributes of the conducted interviews, (2) criteria of selection for potential participants, (3) ethical considerations of dealing with human participants, and (4) the interviewing procedures and some examples. So he obtained open warrants for any who were of the Way and set out for Damascus (Acts 9:2). Received: 28 September 2021; Accepted: 10 March 2022; Published: 25 April 2022. Phenomenological Research Methods. Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. Beginning with the fourth plague (flies), God provided even more clarity for Pharaoh by afflicting only the Egyptians and not the Israelites (Ex 8:21-23). (1997). The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft scripts. However, it should be acknowledged that the researchers prior experience cannot be completely isolated, as the researcher must use their constituted mind (Al-Jabri, 2011b) to understand and to identify the emerging themes. explains the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of E. Husserl and others, and takes After developing the list of relevant meaning units, it is necessary to go through them several times in the mode of imaginative variation to identify a significant theme that could be clustered as a possible unit of meaning. To analyse cultural identity and this transitioning experience, another relevant aspect to consider is that symbolic interactionists assume that the definition of individual self and identity are both constructed in and played out through interaction with the environment and the other selves surrounding us. J. Phenomenol. Engaging with the interviews has the scope of seeking new views and perspectives about the phenomenon that is being investigated, and not simply to confirm or disconfirm what is already known about that phenomenon. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. The first domain had two levels of interaction, with the first being the relationship between researcher, participants, and raw data as a dialogical relationshipa dialogical relationship in the sense that the researcher is actively engaged, through dialogue (in the form of spoken or written communicative utterances or actions), in constructing reasonable and sound meanings from the data collected from the participants (Rossman and Rallis, 2003; Steentoft, 2005). Qual. ed. Moustakas, Clark. For what concerns Vygotsky and neo-Vygotskian authors (and their sociocultural perspectives), they facilitate our understanding of the phenomenon of cross-cultural transition and its investigation. Giorgi, A. Phenomenology in nursing studies: new perspectives. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived Hycner, R. H. (1985). The Hague: M. Nijhoff. The sixth step consists in constructing a description of the texture of the experience from the clustered meaning units. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., and Leech, N. L. (2007). International Journal of Management Reviews, 5/6(1), 21-41. doi:10.1111/j.1460-8545.2004.00095.x, Moustakas, C. E. (1994). Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 451-462. doi:10.1177/0146167206297405, Mellahi, K., & Wilkinson, A. Social: self-presentation theory: decision-maker is concerned about others opinions and critique of the decision and wants to save face (p. 543). I refined my personality. Individualism and the mental. In our work, we considered an internal reality that was built up from the perception of social actors (Bryman, 2008, p. 18) and that was consistent with the subjective experiences of the external world (Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). By continuing to use this site you consent to receive cookies. Dilthey Selected Writings. Creswell, J. W., Shope, R., Plano Clark, V. L., and Green, D. O. Within these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated. Phenomenological research methods. The statements that did not meet these criteriathose that are repetitive, overlapping, or unclearare eliminated. Sadly, Pharoahs decision brought about the tenth and last plague, death of the firstborn, which physically and emotionally devastated his people (Ex 11:1-10; 12:29, 30). Saul, however, experienced an epoche as he set aside his paradigms in order to see things differently (Acts 9:5-9) and consequently led the effort to build the first century church (i.e., organization). WebThese were then synthesized to create clusters of meaning. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 249-260. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.11.009, Flood, G. D. (2006). The cookie is set by CloudFlare service to store a unique ID to identify a returning users device which then is used for targeted advertising. WebMoustakas' (1994) ideas in Creswell's Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design are good recommendations for the researcher to keep balanced between subjectivity and objectivity. No purchase required. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). 6, 111. Phenomenology rejects the traditional objectivity This study explored the challenges encountered by the BFP of Ozamiz City in responding fire incidents. This aim is characterised by the research design as exploratory (e.g., Blumer, 1986; Stebbins, 2001; Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). In the next seven chapters (Ex 7-14), the story of Moses and Aaron as Gods mouthpieces to Pharaoh takes place. Given the self-focus, these individual decisions are vulnerable to overconfidence (Fast, Sivanathan, Mayer, & Galinsky, 2011 ), commitment escalation, and risk (Ivancevich et al., 2011). Health Res. WebMoustakas starts with discussing different human science perspectives and models. Keen, E. (1975). From this viewpoint, the research was directed to the quest of what individuals encounter and how they encounter it. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. eds. A study should be designed to maintain the subjective approach of the researcher towards the exploration of the phenomenon being investigated, as well as to appreciate the inter-subjective nature of the approach involved in the investigation of the phenomenon itself. To fully appreciate this, we need to borrow from different authors arguments, ideas, and theoretical perspectives and adopt the hybrid perspective that we mentioned. Sport Exercise 1, 3650. It is part of the phenomenological approach towards discovering the essential structure and meanings of the experience as described by the participants. The phenomenology of scripture: Patterns of reception and discovery behind scriptural reasoning. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The unit of analysis when using the phenomenology, This paper aims to identify the ways by which the principal frames of reference in the social sciences explain the structure of social actors' knowledge, practices, values, and behaviors regarding, Descriptive phenomenology investigates the essence of how phenomena are consciously experienced (Giorgi, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012; Moustakas, 1994; Vagle, 2018). 2nd Edn. Webphenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants A., Renfrow, D. G., and Howard, J. Pharaoh once again declared a changed decision and pled for mercy; yet once relief was provided, Pharaoh remained committed to his original decision (v. 28-32). Modern Theology, 22(3), 503-514. doi:10.1111/j.1468- 0025.2006.00330.x. Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. In comparison to Pharaohs determinants of escalation, Sauls experience was the direct opposite. The lives of Pharaoh and Saul/Paul share some striking similarities that serve well at providing relevant examples of Hussrels philosophical constructs and the import these have on leader decision-making. Theor. These three aspects of the investigation shall be approached while keeping in mind the two following rationals: (1) looking for essence and (2) flexible methods and activities.
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