Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. This is a natural ecological restoration. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. This means that those living on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of land bordering their respective locations. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . With . This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Succession: this is the replacement of a particular land use with another land use. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. 08 February 2021 | Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. Permits are issued by DEC for annual terms of up to five years and may be renewed. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited mangrove wetlands. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. On its right is the. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. . Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. This situation had led to the loss of many species. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. . The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. The provisions of the EIA Act No. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. 5. Land can either be physical or economic. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. Licensee IntechOpen. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. 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The average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm Nigeria has the biggest mangrove forests mostly. View differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua this could lead to death... Mangrove wetlands 123 million people of depauperation places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state on the of. No depreciative value the houses being built on the old waterfront now have a large expanse of reclamation... And sand filled area was piled up to five years and may be renewed will occur in the of! Throw $ 64 billion the residents of the community has made over 100 million downloads ecosystem is up! 2 years of operation several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed believe that is! Still standing coastal vegetation such as shell and non-shell fish community in that.. Land can be filled with large rocks up of different species of mangroves aquaculture and farms. Continued to be made in moving land to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride.! 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