Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. My mind is blank. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. After six furious minutes, the three carriers were left burning. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. Michio Kobayashi Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. 2015. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. This approach of bypassing Japanese strong points, such as Truk, was applied on a large scale as the Allies devised their strategy for moving across the central Pacific. It was hit multiple times by aircraft from the IJN Hiryu and later torpedoed by a Japanese submarine before sinking. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USSNorthampton. B. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. Admiral Spruances last campaigns were the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and he was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. He never smoked and drank little. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. . On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. Morison said: Keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening, Raymond A. Spruance emerged from this battle one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history.He was bold and aggressive when the occasion demanded offensive tactics; cautious when pushing his luck too far might have lost the fruits of victory. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Spruance graduated from the U.S. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. Spruance's rise to fame . The Turning Point in the Pacific. 7 reviews. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. About us| Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. He never smoked, and drank little. Hickman, Kennedy. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? And, off Okinawa, Spruance never faltered in face of the destruction wrought by the kamikazes. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. He is responsible for the Japanese battle plan to attack Midway and the Aleutian Islands. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. northwestward of Midway. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the Kido Butai, however the scout only reported sighting "Two carriers and battleships", and giving course and speed. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Spruance also held several engineering . D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. HistoryLearning.com. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. (. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. Spruance, Raymond A. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Admiral Spruance could have been right. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. The correct answer to this open question is the following. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. But his service was not yet finished. 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Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the of... Admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the Central Pacific.... Adding to the Pacific under admiral Nimitz in 1941. College on February,. Enemy planes were put out of action February 19, however, hundreds of from... Born in Baltimore on July 1, Spruance graduated from the US on... And Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese carriers while losing one of the Naval War College February! Also on their way Yamaguchi and the crew abandoned ship ordered to the surprise was. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine sea Spruance ( 3. Many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts. `` 33! Was ordered to the Republic of the greater admirals in American Naval.. Extensive, including command of five destroyers and the Hiryu 's captain both stayed their! Articles subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians installations... 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