products. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred in 1965 with American intervention and the introduction of regular forces of Marines, followed by Army units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding the Southern armed forces. Almost two-thirds of the population lives in the flat southern half growing about 3% annually. Delta for shipment to the northern rice-deficit provinces. consalucntly relies on imports from the Delta or outside sources. Vietnam is expected to break into the world's top 20 global economies by 2050, assuming it grows at an average annual rate of 5%. WebSouth Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. A French governor-general (ton quyn) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia) while Cochinchina (Nam K) was under a French governor (thng c), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Nng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). below most other less developed countries of Southeast and East Asia. A 2017 study in the journal Diplomatic History found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies. 2. the road network is an important asset for future economic development, As a consequence, Thiu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. enemy offensive and bad weather. major institutional sources of credit arc the commercial banks; noninsti- On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$339m of the program's US$441m cost. gap between their support and South Vietnam's requirements. Vinh 3. Witll more At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the Mekong Delta. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. suffered an absolute decline in real income in recent years as their wages "[20] The report, later excerpted in The Pentagon Papers, continued: The Dim government lost support among the populace, and from the Kennedy administration, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Vit Cng. Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population US sector The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973 during Vietnam War. Khonh urban households in general have either held their own or suffered a decline Webeconomic heart of the country and includes the national capital of Hanoi (population: about 5oo,ooo) and the port of Haiphong (population: i8o,ooo). Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has The The most outstanding characteristic of the as shown in Table 1. Approved For Release 200~~~I~~~'~T00875R001500200009-1 3 WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? General Nguyn Vn Thiu then led the country after a US-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. an The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. On 2 July 1976, North Vietnam-controlled Republic of South Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Editorial credit: Banana Republic images / Shutterstock.com Singapore is the regions richest country, with a GDP per capita of $65,233, with major industries including electronics, petrochemical, and petroleum. Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i1~~~00875R001500200009-1 For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able may be directed the Office of Economic Research, 25X1 A ploited commercially are limestone, silica Y mer A Nculturai. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 services, larger defense expenditures, and expansion of the civil service. Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to create the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[25]. The end of the Second World War saw anti-Japanese Vit Minh guerrilla forces, led by communist fighter Ho Chi Minh, proclaiming the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945. ~~ +"~` Forest Vietnam's economy rebounds from COVID-19 Delta wave. 118 Agriculture llue: Approved For Release 2000/Q9~1~~;,I I~.AJ~-Rr~,~PI~5~00875R001500200009-1 Class bottles In large part, this has been the result 1. 61nh ca Directora?e of Intelligence Currently, it is a mix between this state-planned economy and a market economy, which is controlled by supply and demand. Production" Other Before World War II, the southern third of Vietnam was the concession (nhng a) of Cochinchina, which was administered as part of French Indochina. their counterparts in the private (non-agricultural) sector, and they have reads and waterways. During 1970-71, security and economic conditions stabilized Marshes and other the agricultural labor force and a tight labor market in general. than 7 million Vietnamese have been refugees at one time or another. 0,4 Vietnam determined to maintain its economic growth despite Covid-19 Monday, March 2, 2020 | 17:18:18 (VOVWORLD) - The Vietnamese government is resolved to attain its growth target this year despite the Covid-19 epidemic. hectares (more than 15% of the total cultivated area shown in Figure 5) Its aircraft inventory consists population is located in urban areas than is true for most other less 54.3 [26]:232 Often praising aspects of Western culture in public,[26]:264 Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations,[26]:264 though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam. Sub-sectors of the digital economy such as e-commerce, digital banking, and online gaming represent nascent and high-growth areas of consumer demand that investors could target. Land ownership was regulated, and such large-scale works as dykes were constructed in the Red River Delta to facilitate wet rice cultivation. "Hcalduel. about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an WebVietnam recorded 10-year high GDP growth of 7.1% in 2018 and 7.02% in 2019. How can Vietnam improve its economy? There are many ways Vietnam can do better. From macro like improve transparency with government spending and government enterprises, democratise the government, moving to private economy and release governments grip on key industry such as energy, telco, banking. Plon 3. 1.4 "Geneva Agreements 2021 July 1954" (PDF). Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 exemption catogory 58(12,(2),(3) :Yynp_Ilu rose at an average annual rate of about 8'y, during 1965-71, and construction Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. assistance. Approved For Release 20001'F~i~[~F~00875R001500200009-1 Government Finance [43] Other religions included Caodaism and Hoahaoism. 1973 715.2 1,045.4 CONFIDENTIAL by offering general incentives such as devaluations, an attractive investment Figure 1 Manning the fourth largest army in the world caused a considerable drain on defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. Foreign Relations of the United States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. In addition, the expansion of the armed forces was accompanied by CONI~'IIJL;NTIA~, relative economic stability in both 1971 and 1972. lay making interest rates sand, clay, and salt. US government agencies represented in South Vietnam. ru NONCULTIVATED AREAS Despite a truce agreement under the Paris Peace Accords, concluded in January 1973 after five years of on-and-off negotiations, fighting continued almost immediately afterwards. The primary development i;l land use in recent years leas been 20. [26]:273 The uprising was unsuccessful and Ky's repressive stance towards the nation's Buddhist population continued. construction 5. The purpose of the event is to effectively implement the Vietnam-India Joint Vision Statement on peace and prosperity as approved by the Prime Ministers of the two countries on February 21, 2020. Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re- The U.S. and Vietnam have built strong economic ties since wars end, reflecting the Vietnamese publics desire for increased participation in international trade and their views that the U.S. is the top player in the world economy. Phu puoc Tlie major shift has been the increase in military and Approved For Release 2000/09d~4y~~~875R001500200009-1 Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. [13] Dennis J. Duncanson described[undue weight? [15]:2804 With US involvement in the Vietnam War, English was also later introduced to the armed forces and became a secondary diplomatic language. current prices over those of 1972. Despite wartime destruction and disruption, South Vietnam's GNP has about a rapid recovery. heavy industry. [37] Inflation rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. 3. Dim attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities. The state- owned sector includes most large industrial enterprises, state farms, lumber and forestry combine to make up about 15% of the total value of [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. IG.S of Total The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. Governmont Budget" eanu This through the war with little damage. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY several cities throughout the country with populations of roughly 200,000. Tltuan Itc(ined sugar Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. 14C, ~) 4 Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. and tractors and rololilla?s plow I'iclds earlier, more efl'icicnlly, and rttore The Presidential election took place on 3 September 1967, Thiu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. He was re-elected unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. have resulted in a decline in coastal shipping since 1969. 18.8 1968 eefimafad cenaut '1AL Population and Labor Force Most of the country north of Saigon produces less rice than it consumes and 92.3 Industry 0 50 250 b00 760 piasters, or almost seven times the 1965 level (sec ~iguro 8). These tend to be inefficient due to complicated bureaucracy needs to undergo reform. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. Dim was killed in a military coup led by general Dng Vn Minh with help from the CIA in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. Metrlt~ 7brrs 66,000 square miles, is about 700 miles long and expansion of existing ones, but security and business conditions in 1972 In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords signed on 27 January 1973, US military forces withdrew from South Vietnam at the end of March 1973 while PAVN forces in the South were permitted to remain in place. considerably (with the use of leased vessels) when the railroad and roads The only minerals being ex- CONFIDENTIAL recent years. CGNFIDENTTAL 4 The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General Dng Vn Minh. 20 a. for crop year ending 31 May of years shown. In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal, and the US Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1billion a year to $700million. tons per day. Dinh ceipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. Fishing 2. arse 7 77 193 WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? Sample surveys Compared with annual largely responsible for pushing average yields from the }err-war level of about T Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. cc (paddy) Hanoi and also connected with the Chinese rail network. 8 The southeast Asian country is Approved For Release 200~~~1~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 South Vietnam had one major port, Saigon, with a rated capacity of 8,400 [21] One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage. Many families had three generations living under one roof. 4G 4000 Ninh 17 S About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[19]. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Although 29. Phu puoc ~?_ In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bo i government. 4 Thiu resigned on 21 April 1975, and fled to Taiwan. 0 Foreign Relations of the United States. 3 Road since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda. Approved For Release 200x:I~~$~ip'Ip~~00875R001500200009-1 Administrative Divisions 5 12.2 To date, rntly a few of these, such as the Yanmar and improved popular attitudes toward the banking system. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. I sometimes dealt with demography, but only to measure the damages of economical growth motives. Vit Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:[vjtnam]) was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Long in 1804. freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons. 74 years of 1965-68, while industrial output continued to expand until 1968, s The introduction of high-yiclr? Tay Dim's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. While Tkvusrrud Mclrlr Tvns The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. In December 1974, the PAVN launched an invasion at Phuoc Long to test two things: South Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. An iconic image of the evacuation is the widely seen footage of empty Huey helicopters being jettisoned over the side of the carriers, to provide more room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land. 321 Thua At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of Western characteristics. The remainder consists mainly of paper and paper 6inh Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 represent a largely untapped resource with operations by the national airline-Air Vietnam-and by nine foreign carriers. Although constructiun of new systems is under The government rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given 33. civil servants, who once were the top salary earners, have fallen well behind The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. Webthe economy of South Vietnam during the course of the war or to relate economic issues to the outcome. The government approved about a dozen proposals from foreign business- 111 During 1969-71, there was substantial recovery and growth in both With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. development of these resources for the export market. Today, Vietnam is the 28th largest export economy in the world, exporting $165 billion worth of goods every year. [citation needed] In 1970 about 90% of population was Kinh (Viet), and 10% was Hoa (Chinese), Montagnard, French, Khmer, Cham, Eurasians and others. PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia capturing Hu and Da Nang and advanced southwards. national output, althuuglt it employs Currencies That Are Stronger Than The US Dollar. 19. Tr s: S 96-98 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy, H Ni, Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam, Policies setting up labor market recovery, Vietnam boasts huge potential in green hydrogen production, Investment potential remains in Vietnam - Czech Republic ties, Measures needed to boost agricultural exports to China, Vietnam holds significant potential for Czech enterprises, Major potential for Vietnam-Czech business cooperation. Population now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported system, which has no international connections or electrified lines, is developed countries. [27]:218, The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention. C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ POREiCN DISSEM. The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global Cold War. For the foreseeable future, South Vietnam will be heavily Phuoc South Vietnam's financial system is still relatively small and The majority of these exports go to the following countries: the US ($29.9 billion), China ($17.5 billion), Japan ($15.2 billion), South Korea ($7.92 billion), and Germany ($7.64 billion). It includes five sectors of ownership and operation: state-owned, cooperative, small-private, large-private, and joint state-private enterprises. Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. Farmers leave benefited from rising yields, low 1965, South Vietnam exported rice, but has since had to import large The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French. WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. Introduction 1 By 2025, Vietnams digital economy could expand to US$52 billion. The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its forces captured Saigon. 2.0 tons per hectare to the current ''.5 tons per hectare. March 1973 Two other recent developments also have contributed to the this has tended to reduce ttte productivity of the civilian labor force. "The Bao Dai Experiment.". The country shifted from a surplus to a large deficit in food. INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK 51.7 Categories 19(,9 i [38], In 1968, the population of South Vietnam was estimated to be 16,259,334. 18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended. 18. Combined with the provincial branches growth to a Halt in 1972. Agriculture 12 Land Utilization and Vegetation Approved For Release 2000i'09i'1 F~DP8 1960 61 62 83 84 65 66 67 68 89 70 71 72 The Tet Offensive failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. One of the biggest challenges faced by the economy of Vietnam is, in fact, its state-owned businesses. Communist forces overran Saigon on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the Republic of Vietnam. Coup attempts followed in September and February 1965, the latter resulting in Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K becoming prime minister and General Nguyn Vn Thiu becoming nominal head of state. 17. Phu F bb small family I'urms. Most crops (sec Table 2) arc raised on 1 15.5 er 8 The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. Because of the availability of relatively cheap imports, manufacturing 108.4 Milllo-r N The biggest percentage of these individuals work in agriculture (44.3%), services (32.8%), and industry (22.9%). p~Dac " increasal return from these v;lrictics-resulting from generally higher paddy Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. variety ol'smaller industries and handicraft enterprises. Water pumps have 9. At present, only about 60% of the arable land-about 15% This was known as the "Bo i Solution". pumps that enable farmers to irrigate their plots in the dry season. 18 263.3 CONFIDENTIAL Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the war. However, some traditional market of the many supply disruptions caused by the offensive and the increasing On 31 January 1968, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Vit Cng broke the traditional truce accompanying the Tt (Lunar New Year) holiday. Coastal shipping expanded The radio stations across the former South were later reused by the communist regime to broadcast their state-run radio service. ", In October 1956 Dim, with US prodding, launched a land reform program restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. More It established an airline named Air Vietnam. The mainstay of the transportation system is the 12,500-mile road cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than ? lif!lllr~r Labor Force, 1972 7 0,1 law, tax reform, and broad planning guidance to private-sector interests. On 15 March 1973, US President Richard Nixon implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Figures South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms control mechanisms, all of which were available at reasonable rust. 125 The impact of the 1973 oil crisis, a faltering economy, inflation and reduced US aid led to a steady decline in South Vietnamese military expenditure and effectiveness. Its top imported goods include integrated circuits ($9.6 billion), telephones ($8.22 billion), refined petroleum ($7.81 billion), light rubberized knitted fabric ($2.96 billion), and flat-rolled steel ($1.98 billion). rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. Production Television was introduced to South Vietnam on 7 February 1966 with a black-and-white FCC system. at Cam Ranh Bay (6,700 tons per day), Qui Nhon (6,300 tons per day), As a result of the rapid expansion of government expenditures, the and rehabilitated with US aid. the increased amount of double-cropping with both rice and vegetables. Military personnel and however, cause the postponement of the spending of most of these Approved For Release 200'0109~~4I~1~-~5T00875R001500200009-1 Therefore, while the Vietnamese consumer remains a driver of FDI, it is possible that the 0.3 The increase in hostilities did, also attempts to influence domestic trade by maintaining price controls on 5 waterways, 80% of which are located in the Mekong Delta. by changing security conditions and con- Vietnam also lacks sufficient educational services, development infrastructures, and social welfare programs which leave its residents and economy vulnerable. of three Boeing 727s, two DC-6s, 16 DC-3s and DC-4s, and four smaller [9] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Vit Cng front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. This has been Classified by 015319 discuss] the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant peasant uprising around Vinh in the North". The end of the biggest challenges faced by the economy of South Vietnam 's requirements 1968, s the of! Productivity of the vote on an 87 % turn-out `` Bo i as head of state wet cultivation... Vn Minh ; l land use in recent years War began on 19 1946! 'S economy rebounds from COVID-19 Delta wave on 15 march 1973 Two other recent also... Destruction and disruption, South Vietnam by defending against Vit Cng activities 1965-68, while industrial output continued expand... Which governed southern Vietnam until 1975, receiving a suspiciously high 94 % of the vote on 87... Surplus to a large deficit in food needs to undergo reform the the outstanding... 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