Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. Arnold and his men went towards Boston. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. He had established a decent relationship with George Washington, as well as Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, both of whom had command of the army's Northern Department during 1775 and 1776. [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. In real life: Arnold left for England in late 1781, before the official surrender, in an unsuccessful bid to persuade the Crown to keep the war going in America. By. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. The most famous of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from . [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. In that era, people ate most of the common foods without. [73] By October 1779, the negotiations had ground to a halt. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. American, then British officer after defecting during the US Revolutionary War (17401801), For other people named Benedict Arnold, see, Raids in Virginia and Connecticut colonies, Arnold's birth records indicate that he was born January 3, 1740 (, One British pound in 1776 would be worth about 160 in 2019. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. [22], The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 severely curtailed mercantile trade in the colonies. Arnold died in London at the age of 60. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. Name: Ethan Allen; Birth . He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. [103] The anti-war Whigs had gained the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. Later he became infamous for being a traitor, fighting for the British. [63][64], Arnold had an extremely ambitious and jealous personality. It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. His chaplain Rev. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. John Andr was executed for spying. [118] The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. [10] His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. She exerted powerful influence on her husband, who is said to have been his own man but who actually was swayed by his staff and certainly by his wife. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). British reinforcements arrived in late March led by William Phillips who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. My family have voted conservative in most elections. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. [12] In 1757 when he was 16, he did enlist in the Connecticut militia, which marched off toward Albany, New York, and Lake George. Benedict Arnold led the attack at the British Fort of Ticonderoga. General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. We largely don't even know who he is. [6] With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. Unable to find a new military or. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. They issued him a colonel's commission on May 3, 1775, and he immediately rode off to Castleton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) in time to participate with Ethan Allen and his men in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. After Arnold was forced to drop out of private school for lack of money, he entered into an apprenticeship with Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, two of his mother's cousins. [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? Benedict Arnold was named brigadier general by the British government and sent on raids to . The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. [113], Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . [24] Arnold initially took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to do business openly in defiance of the Parliamentary Acts, which legally amounted to smuggling. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. On November 10, 1778, General Nathanael Greene wrote to General John Cadwalader, "I am told General Arnold is become very unpopular among you oweing to his associateing too much with the Tories. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. He was a general that preferred to lead in the front then the back, always riding his horse into battle alongside his men. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut and named after his His mother was Hannah Waterman King, a rich widow. Early in May he made secret overtures to British headquarters, and a year later he informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. He led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast in the Battle of Ridgefield, and was again wounded in his left leg. Following the deaths of three of his. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. Odell was a Loyalist working with William Franklin, the last colonial governor of New Jersey and the son of Benjamin Franklin. [104] He justified his actions in an open letter titled "To the Inhabitants of America", published in newspapers in October 1780. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. Washington was one of the few who genuinely liked and admired him, but Arnold thought that Washington had betrayed him. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . During the American War for Independence, several engagements were fought at the five-pointed star-shaped Fort Ticonderoga. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. William Fitch Arnold (17941846) (Captain, Benedict Arnold, played by Curtis Caravaggio, is a one-time character in the episode "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" in the 2016-18 TV series, Courtwright, Julie. [84], Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. The fourth niche is pointedly empty. The band played a funeral march. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. He dared not tell me his name. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. Lee Moran. [citation needed]. Before his name became synonymous with treason, Benedict Arnold was a bonafide hero of the American Revolutionary War. [47] Burgoyne surrendered ten days after the second battle on October 17, 1777. She couldand did. [145], There are plaques on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, commemorating all of the generals who served in the Revolution. The first man was a British major named John Andre. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. Arnold mingled with Loyalist sympathizers in Philadelphia and married into a Loyalist family when he wedded Peggy Shippen. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Arnold returned to England in 1791, but he left to spend several years privateering in the West Indies before permanently settling in London. He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. The prisoner was dressed in miltary uniform. "Whom Can We Trust Now? See the fact file below for more information on . Background. [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. BENEDICT ARNOLD REMAINS the most notorious man in American history, his name a synonym for traitor. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . 10 interesting facts about st benedict. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. After Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army, his British contact, Major John Andr, was captured by the Americans and hanged as a spy while Arnold escaped on a British ship. Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. [141] Historian Barry Wilson points out that Arnold's descendants established deep roots in Canada, becoming leading settlers in Upper Canada and Saskatchewan. Corrections? Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. May God forgive me for ever having put on another,"[125] but this story may be apocryphal. Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. At the end of 1781 Arnold went to England. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [136], Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) Though Trump has checked off the betray the USA box quite well. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. The other leg ached constantly, and he walked only with a cane. "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". [94], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York, on Saturday, September 23, by three Westchester militiamen. Arnold escaped; Andr was hanged. Angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April. AD 1781, when the British, under the command of the Traitor Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Groton and spread desolation and woe throughout the region. 2. When in February 1777 Congress created five new major generalships, Arnold was passed over in favour of his juniors. [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. Their friendship became the foundation for the treason for which Peggy's. Benedict Arnold's name is synonymous with the word traitor. Samuel Spring carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Htel Dieu. [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, but he died of fever on May 12, 1781. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. -Benedict Arnold, January, 1780. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. While Benedict Arnold escaped to British-occupied New York, where he was protected from punishment. For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of 360,[b] and a lump sum of over 6,000. The Hudson River Chain today [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). [3] Some among those in his military and political circles charged him with corruption and other bad acts. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. As a young man, Arnold. [52] Historian John Shy states: Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power in Philadelphia, even before the Americans reoccupied their city. For several years before he . He joined the growing American army outside of Boston, and distinguished himself by acts that demonstrated intelligence and bravery: In 1775, he captured Fort Ticonderoga. He was a war hero who persistently fought for America's independence. While there, he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying 900[b] to settle a 12,000[b] loan that he had taken while living in Philadelphia. On July 12, he wrote again, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point, although his price rose to 20,000[b] (in addition to indemnification for his losses), with a 1,000[b] down payment to be delivered with the response. During this time, Arnold brought his sister Hannah to New Haven and established her in his apothecary to manage the business in his absence. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. Later Arnold revealed to the British that he expected to receive the command of American forces at West Point, New York, and agreed to surrender that garrison to them for 20,000. Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coup, but failed to respond to Arnold's July 7 letter. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. In 1775, when the war began, he was a merchant operating ships in the Atlantic Ocean. [11], In 1755, Arnold was attracted by the sound of a drummer and attempted to enlist in the provincial militia for service in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. "[108] Cornwallis ignored Arnold's advice to locate a permanent base away from the coast, advice that might have averted his surrender at Yorktown. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. He was imprisoned by French authorities on Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards. Before anyone spouts off about me being a 'libtard' I am a conservative. [95] They found the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point and passed them on to their superiors,[96] but Andr convinced the unsuspecting Colonel John Jameson, to whom he was delivered, to send him back to Arnold at West Pointbut he never reached West Point. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. [1] [7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. 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